[et_pb_section admin_label=”section” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” module_id=”what-is-panama-disease” disabled=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”15px|0px|30px|” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_video_slider admin_label=”Video Slider” show_image_overlay=”show” show_arrows=”on” show_thumbnails=”on” controls_color=”light” disabled=”off”] [et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”The threat of Panama Disease. An interview with Dr Randy Ploetz. Part 1″ src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mh7Xo32QE1w” image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Video-still-Randy-Ploetz-1.png” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”The threat of Panama Disease. An interview with Dr Randy Ploetz. Part 2″ src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PRbtQQ3wqBA” image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Randy-Ploetz-part-2-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”Philippine banana farmers and Panama disease” src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZqN9IkxrSD8″ image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Romeo-dela-Cruz-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”Panama disease and its social consequences” src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8EnKBKYlL1o” image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Tamondong-Jhohnson-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”On Site Diagnostic Kit” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/V3.1-On-site-Panama-disease-TR4-diagnostic-in-banana-SD.mp4″ image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/OnSiteDiagnosticKit-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”Wageningen Banana Day” src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OWB8OPIOeP0″ image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Gert-Kema-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”The threat of Panama Disease” src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UR9xuAN3dQI” image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Ivan-Buddenhagen-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item][et_pb_video_slider_item admin_title=”Foc TR4 Detection in soil and water: Faster than Lunch Break” src=”https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=j5Gf0gsFfN4″ image_src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/filmpje-met-titels-1-1.jpg” background_layout=”dark” disabled=”off” show_image_overlay=”show”] [\/et_pb_video_slider_item] [\/et_pb_video_slider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”20px|||” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”What is Fusarium Wilt?” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo|||on|” text_font_size=”24″ text_text_color=”#595959″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off”]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Feed your brain… unpeeling the facts” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Verdana||||” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off”]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”off” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”off” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n
Fusarium wilt (Panama disease) is caused by the fungus Fusarium (the full name is Fusarium oxysporum<\/em> f. sp. cubense<\/em>). It is a soil pathogen which infects the root system and goes on to colonise the plant through the vascular system \u2013 hyphae of the fungus can even reach the leaves. The disease cannot be controlled or cured other than by soil treatments, which unfortunately have such a detrimental effect on the environment that they are prohibited almost everywhere.<\/span><\/p>\n Biological methods under development are showing great potential, however. One of the worst effects of Fusarium wilt\u00a0is the production of so-called chlamydospores , or resting spores, which survive in the soil for decades. As soon as a susceptible banana plant is grown nearby, these spores germinate, infect the<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n plant, and kill it. In other words, soil that has been contaminated once becomes unfit for future banana production unless resistant varieties are grown.<\/p>\n Gros Michel used to be the prime banana cultivar until it succumbed to the historic Fusarium wilt\u00a0epidemic (the Fusarium strain which affected it is called \u2018Race 1\u2019 and is almost omnipresent globally) in Latin America in the 1950s. Banana plantations were completely destroyed, abandoned and started afresh in areas that were still free of Fusarium wilt. However, due to a lack of understanding of Fusarium epidemiology and improper sanitation methods \u2013 and even after areas were inundated to kill Fusarium \u2013 such new areas were also quickly infested, which resulted in the epidemic spiralling out of control.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n Cavendish <\/p>\n The race is on Farmers in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Australia are threatened in their<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n business and livelihoods. Bananas are an important cash-crop for millions of people, enabling them to send children to school and support their families. Fusarium wilt\u00a0therefore threatens to cause widespread poverty.<\/p>\n In addition, Fusarium wilt does not, of course, respect borders. Due to globalisation and the fact that the disease is easily transmitted by soil, water and, probably, air, dissemination of the TR4 Fusarium type to the other important banana production regions (Africa and Latin America) seems to be just a matter of time.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Panama Disease Divider” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/PanamaDisease-divider-1-1.jpg” alt=”Panama Disease divider” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” animation=”off” sticky=”on” align=”center” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”||10px|” disabled=”off” custom_margin_tablet=”||0px|” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=”Section” transparent_background=”off” background_color=”#ffffff” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” module_id=”History” disabled=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”20px|||” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”History of Panama disease” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo|||on|” text_font_size=”24″ text_text_color=”#595959″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin_tablet=”-30px|||”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_code admin_label=”Timeline express” disabled=”off”]\t\t\t Banana genome (AA) sequenced<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense genome sequenced<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Molecular diagnostics for TR4 developed<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n First report of Fusarium wilt, caused by TR4, on Cavendish banana<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense has highest number of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). First report on VCGs<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Cavendish bananas replace Gros Michel for the export trade<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Fusarium wilt\u00a0disseminated throughout the world and epidemic in Latin America reaches tipping point<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense described<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n First banana breeding program at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Fusarium wilt\u00a0occurs in Surinam, Central America and Java (Indonesia)<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Fusarium cubense isolated from bananas coming from Cuba<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n First reported case of Fusarium wilt\u00a0on Gros Michel in Australia<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Missionary John Williams brings Cavendish to South Pacific<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n The Duke of Devonshire purchases the Bury Hill collection and grows is at Chatsworth, Derbyshire. The owners have as one of their names \u2018Cavendish\u2019<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Cavendish banana sent to England, most likely to Bury Hill, Surrey<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Charles Edward Telfair received Cavendish banana as a botanical specimen, vaguely identified as \u2018from China\u2019, in Mauritius<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Middle East armies bring banana to Africa<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Alexander the Great brings bananas from India to Europe<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Banana remains found in curry from the Indus region<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n Banana phytoliths in archaeological sites indicate a long consumption history of banana<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Panama Disease Divider” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/PanamaDisease-divider-1-1.jpg” alt=”Panama Disease divider” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” animation=”off” sticky=”on” align=”center” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”||10px|” disabled=”off” custom_margin_tablet=”||0px|” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=”Section” transparent_background=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” module_id=”photo-gallery” disabled=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”20px||30px|” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Photo gallery (title)” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo|||on|” text_font_size=”24″ text_text_color=”#595959″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin_tablet=”-30px|||”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”0px||30px|” padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_gallery admin_label=”Gallery” gallery_ids=”2180,2181,2182,1155,1156,1157,2183,1159″ fullwidth=”on” show_title_and_caption=”on” show_pagination=”on” background_layout=”dark” auto=”on” auto_speed=”7000″ use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” orientation=”landscape” hover_overlay_color=”rgba(255,255,255,0.9)”] [\/et_pb_gallery][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Panama Disease Divider” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/PanamaDisease-divider-1-1.jpg” alt=”Panama Disease divider” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” animation=”off” sticky=”on” align=”center” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”||10px|” disabled=”off” custom_margin_tablet=”||0px|” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=”Section” transparent_background=”off” background_color=”#ffffff” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” module_id=”Solutions” disabled=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”20px|||” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Solutions” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo|||on|” text_font_size=”24″ text_text_color=”#595959″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin_tablet=”-30px|||”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Possibilities and research” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Verdana||||” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”off” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”off” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n The problems related to Fusarium wilt (Panama disease) are complicated:<\/span><\/p>\n The biological issue The environmental issue Chemicals tend to be too toxic for other soil life to use against this disease and therefore prohibited in most regions, so other solutions must be found. One option is biological soil fumigation,<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n or bio-control based on organisms found in so-called \u2018suppressive soils\u2019. While crop diversity in general helps substantially in managing disease outbreaks, Fusarium produces resting spores that survive in soil for decades – in other words, current eradicant measures are needed to control Fusarium wilt.<\/p>\n The human factor Banana cultivation is characterised by a great variety of producers: Small holders, industrial plantations and back-yard plantings to name a few. In addition to this, many bananas simply grow on the roadside as weeds and plenty are abandoned sick plants that continue<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n to represent potential disease foci.<\/p>\n Fusarium wilt\u00a0therefore acts on different scales: Plant, field, farm, region, country and even continent. State-level & international cooperation and integrated research are indispensable to finding solutions in all of these domains and scales. This requires multilevel solutions, as well as concerted action on the part of all stakeholders as both smallholders and plantation owners suffer from the same problems.<\/p>\n Cooperative research and knowledge exchange on all levels are indispensable. Effective disease management requires concerted action in a complex environment with different geographical and cultural dimensions. National and international regulations and policies are crucial to managing Fusarium wilt\u00a0and to preventing its dissemination to areas that are still free.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_text_color=”#ffb600″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”15px|||”]<\/p>\n \u2018Disease resistance is the best basis for a healthy banana\u2019<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px|15px|0px” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n Research programmes [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”||30px|” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Image” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/PD_Image06-1.jpg” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” animation=”bottom” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”on” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” alt=”Scientists of Wageningen University & Research inspecting banana plants in a greenhouse”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”on” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Panama Disease Divider” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/PanamaDisease-divider-1-1.jpg” alt=”Panama Disease divider” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” animation=”off” sticky=”on” align=”center” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”||10px|” disabled=”off” custom_margin_tablet=”||0px|” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=”Section” transparent_background=”off” background_color=”#ffffff” allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” module_id=”Testimonials” disabled=”off”][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”20px|||” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”on” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Testimonials” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo|||on|” text_font_size=”24″ text_text_color=”#595959″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_margin_tablet=”-30px|||”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Louise O Fesco” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Fresco-1.jpg” alt=”Louise O Fesco” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_width=”1px” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|30px|30px|55px” disabled=”off”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font_size=”20″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off”] \u201cI continue to call for genetic modification of vegetatively propagated crops, such as cassava and banana, as a short-term solution for urgent needs of the poor, particularly when a GM approach is embedded in multidisciplinarity. Therefore, I am truly pleased with the multidisciplinary approach that is taken in this impressive suite of INREF and KNAW-SPIN projects\u201c<\/em> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Name and fuction” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off”]<\/p>\n President of the Executive Board of Wageningen UR. Former Assistant Director-General, Agriculture, FAO and Professor at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<\/i><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Luud Clercx” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Foto-Luud-Clercx-mei-2016-1-1.jpg” alt=”Luud Clercx” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_width=”1px” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|30px|30px|55px” disabled=”off”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font_size=”20″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n “We have to work on agro-ecological innovations to make varieties less susceptible to Fusarium wilt”<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Name and fuction” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off”]<\/p>\n \u200eExpert Business Development at TASTE. Coordinator of the World Banana Forum Task Force TR4<\/i><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Miguel Dita” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/MiguelDita660-1-1.jpg” alt=”Miguel Dita” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_width=”1px” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|30px|30px|55px” disabled=”off”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font_size=”20″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n “The resistance of Cavendish varieties to Fusarium wilt\u00a0for more than 60 years is something uncommon in plant pathology and breeding. When tropical race 4 overcome Cavendish resistance, the community suddenly realized on two main negative side-effects: 1) the impact of poor investments on research over the years and 2) A tremendous lack capacities to face an eventual outbreak of TR4 in Cavendish plantations. Integrated and innovative research are stone corners for Agriculture success and the INREF program \u201cPanama disease: multilevel solutions for a global program\u201d has proved it in a very short time period”<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Name and fuction” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Brazil<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”on” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”on” disabled=”off” background_color=”#dbdbdb”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_image admin_label=”Jorge Sandoval” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Jorge-Sandoval660.jpg” alt=”Jorge Sandoval” show_in_lightbox=”off” url_new_window=”off” use_overlay=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”off” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|30px|30px|55px” disabled=”off” animation=”left”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″][et_pb_text admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font_size=”20″ use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n \u201cAware of\u00a0the economic and social threat represented by Fusarium wilt caused in Cavendish bananas by tropical race\u00a0 <\/span>4 (Foc TR4), CORBANA, its partner regional institutions and other main actors in Costa Rican banana industry have initiated a multilevel prevention campaign. Aiming to preventing Foc TR4 from reaching the continent\u00a0in a variety of different ways. The campaign contains behaviour guidelines and communication.<\/em><\/p>\n At the same, time\u00a0we are performing research\u00a0into Fusarium wilt caused by race 1, also through participation in the INREF program, to generate new knowledge that will allow us to deal with the disease should there ever be an outbreak of Foc TR4 in our country.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=”Name and fuction” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”30px|50px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n Research Director, National Banana Corporation of Costa Rica (CORBANA)<\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section admin_label=”Section” global_module=”514″ transparent_background=”off” background_color=”#595959″ allow_player_pause=”off” inner_shadow=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” padding_mobile=”off” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” make_equal=”off” use_custom_gutter=”off” fullwidth=”off” specialty=”off” disabled=”off”][et_pb_row global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”on” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding=”|||15px” padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”off” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”off” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_image global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Image” src=”http:\/\/www.fusariumwilt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/WUR_W_standard-1.png” show_in_lightbox=”off” url=”http:\/\/www.wageningenur.nl” url_new_window=”on” use_overlay=”off” animation=”off” sticky=”off” align=”left” force_fullwidth=”on” always_center_on_mobile=”on” use_border_color=”off” border_color=”#ffffff” border_width=”1px” border_style=”solid” custom_margin=”15px|15px||25px” disabled=”off”] [\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Row” make_fullwidth=”off” use_custom_width=”off” width_unit=”on” custom_width_px=”1080px” custom_width_percent=”80%” use_custom_gutter=”off” gutter_width=”2″ padding_mobile=”off” allow_player_pause=”off” parallax=”off” parallax_method=”off” make_equal=”off” column_padding_mobile=”on” parallax_1=”off” parallax_method_1=”off” parallax_2=”off” parallax_method_2=”off” parallax_3=”off” parallax_method_3=”off” parallax_4=”off” parallax_method_4=”off” disabled=”off”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo||||” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_padding=”15px|15px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n P.O. BOX \u00a069<\/span><\/p>\n 6700 AB WAGENINGEN<\/span><\/p>\n +31 317 48 06 32<\/span><\/p>\n INFO@PANAMADISEASE.ORG<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo||||” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_padding=”15px|15px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n ABOUT<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n INFO & FACTS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n THE PROBLEM<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n PROJECTS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n RESULTS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n NEWS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n CONTACT<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo||||” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_padding=”15px|15px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n PRINCIPAL SPONSORS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n MAIN SPONSORS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n SPONSORS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″][et_pb_text global_parent=”514″ admin_label=”Text” background_layout=”light” text_orientation=”left” text_font=”Arvo||||” use_border_color=”off” border_style=”solid” custom_padding=”15px|15px|30px|” disabled=”off” border_color=”#ffffff”]<\/p>\n SUBSCRIBE TO NEWSLETTER<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/span>Fortunately, a replacement with Fusarium resistance emerged in the early 20th century and banana producers slowly adopted this new cultivar – the Cavendish banana. The price was high, however: Cavendish bananas are delicate in transport and prone to bruising. The chain had to be entirely tailored for its national and international transport. In addition, the taste and size of the Cavendish are inferior to Gros Michel.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>Since the 1990s a new strain of the Fusarium fungus \u2013 the so-called Tropical Race (TR) 4 \u2013 has occurred and spread, destroying ten thousands of hectares of plantations of Cavendish bananas.<\/p>\nHistory of\u00a0Panama disease<\/h1>\n
\n\t\t\t\t2012\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2013\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2010\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1994\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1985\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1950s\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1950s\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1940\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1922\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tEarly 1900s\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1910\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1876\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1850-1860\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1830\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1829\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t1826\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t650 AD\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t327 BC\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t500 BC\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t
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Photo gallery<\/h1>\n
Solutions<\/h1>\n
Possibilities and research<\/span><\/h3>\n
\n<\/strong><\/span>Quite simply, despite the world\u2019s best efforts and major investments, scientists still don\u2019t know enough about the biology and genetics of the causative fungus; and the other challenge is the need for greater genetic diversity among banana cultivars. This would prevent the disastrous epidemics that threaten the entire current production.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/span>Thus, first and foremost, a disease resistant banana is the best basis for a healthy banana. As long as we keep growing susceptible cultivars, this is labour lost in terms of disease control.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/strong>The entire industry involves millions of people directly or indirectly associated with banana production and trade. In Costa Rica alone, nearly 100,000 jobs rely directly or indirectly on banana production \u2013 that’s about eight percent of the country’s total employment.<\/p>\n
\n<\/span><\/strong>Here you can find information on Fusarium wilt\u00a0research programmes and their constituent projects. Growers, researchers, commercial companies and government institutions are working together on crop protection, food security and innovation. This will help to manage the dissemination of the deadly Fusarium fungus and sustain the livelihoods of the millions of people who depend on the banana.<\/p>\nTestimonials<\/h1>\n
Louise O Fresco<\/h3>\n
Luud Clercx<\/h3>\n
Miguel Dita<\/h3>\n
Dr. Jorge Sandoval<\/h3>\n